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Why is there something rather than nothing? Might the world be an illusion or dream? What exists beyond the human senses? What happens after death? Technology is the craft of science. It includes both information technology and tools that are mostly physical in nature such as vehicles, spacecraft, robotics. Definition of the End. Stoicism is known as a eudaimonistic theory, which means that the culmination of human endeavor or . Theory of Appropriation. The Stoics developed a sophisticated psychological theory to explain how the advent of reason fundamentally transforms the world view of human beings as they mature. Good, Evil, and Indifferents. The Stoics defined the good as . Appropriate Acts and Perfect Acts. Once a human being has developed reason, his function is to perform . The vast majority of people are non- virtuous because though they may follow reason correctly in honoring their parents, for example, they fail to conform to . Passions. As we have seen, only virtue is good and choiceworthy, and only its opposite, vice, is bad and to be avoided according to Stoic ethics. Moral Progress. The early Stoics were fond of uncompromising dichotomies. Princeton: Princeton University Press. The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 6. Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics. Entry on Spinoza, with biography and main elements of his philosophical thought. Rationality is the quality or state of being reasonable, based on facts or reason. Rationality implies the conformity of one\'s beliefs with one\'s reasons to believe. You have reached a web page that was created by Professor Frank Pajares. Portions of his web site have been archived and others have been moved to homes not. Raine persuasively argues his point, leaving the reader convinced that there is credence in biological factors for violence. Self-efficacy is the belief in one\'s effectiveness in performing specific tasks. The tremendous influence Stoicism has exerted on ethical thought from early Christianity through Immanuel Kant and into the twentieth century is rarely. William Wordsworth (1770-1850) A selective list of online literary criticism for the nineteenth-century English Romantic poet William Wordsworth, with links to. Affective Determinism DefinitionsBerkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. The Hellenistic Philosophers, Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Includes commentaries on the readings. This is the standard primary source text. Schofield, Malcolm. Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stephens. Email: stphns@creighton. Creighton University. MARXISM AND CLASS, GENDER AND RACE: RETHINKING THE TRILOGY. Published (2001) in RACE, GENDER & CLASS, Vol. 23-33, special issue on Marxism and Race. Media psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the relationships between human behavior and the media. This branch is a relatively new field of study. Spinoza, Benedict De . He made significant contributions in virtually every area of philosophy, and his writings reveal the influence of such divergent sources as Stoicism, Jewish Rationalism, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Descartes, and a variety of heterodox religious thinkers of his day. For this reason he is difficult to categorize, though he is usually counted, along with Descartes and Leibniz, as one of the three major Rationalists. But it should not blind us to the eclecticism of his pursuits, nor to the striking originality of his thought. Among philosophers, Spinoza is best known for his. God is no longer the transcendent creator of the universe who rules it via providence, but Nature itself, understood as an infinite, necessary, and fully deterministic system of which humans are a part. Humans find happiness only through a rational understanding of this system and their place within it. On account of this and the many other provocative positions he advocates, Spinoza has remained an enormously controversial figure. For many, he is the harbinger of enlightened modernity who calls us to live by the guidance of reason. For others, he is the enemy of the traditions that sustain us and the denier of what is noble within us. After a review of Spinoza. Life and Works. Spinoza came into the world a Jew. Born in 1. 63. 2, he was the son of Marrano parents. They had immigrated to Amsterdam from Portugal in order to escape the Inquisition that had spread across the Iberian Peninsula and live in the relatively tolerant atmosphere of Holland. Spinoza\'s father, Michael, was a successful merchant and a respected member of the community. His mother, Hanna, the second of Michael\'s three wives, died in 1. Spinoza was to turn six. The young Spinoza, given the name Baruch, was educated in his congregation\'s academy, the Talmud Torah school. There he received the kind of education that the community deemed necessary to constitute one as an educated Jew. This largely consisted of religious study , including instruction in Hebrew, liturgy, Torah, prophetic writings, and rabbinical commentaries. Although Spinoza no doubt excelled in these, he did not move on to the higher levels of study which focused on the Talmud and were typically undertaken by those preparing for the rabbinate. Whether by desire or by necessity, Spinoza left the school in order to work in his father\'s business, which he eventually took over with his half- brother, Gabriel. The Jewish community in Amsterdam was by no means a closed one , but Spinoza\'s commercial activities put him in touch with more diverse currents of thought than those to which he had hitherto been exposed. Most significantly, he came into contact with so- called \'free- thinking\' Protestants - dissenters from the dominant Calvinism . This naturally included the work of Descartes, which was regarded by many in Holland to be the most promising of several alternatives to scholasticism that had emerged in recent decades. In order to discuss their interests, these free- thinkers organized themselves into small groups, they called colleges, which met on a regular basis. Spinoza may have attended such meetings as early as the first half of the 1. Cartesian thought. This is not to say that Spinoza ceased to mine the resources of his own tradition - he became steeped, for example, in the writings of such philosophically important figures as Maimonides and Gersonides - but his intellectual horizons were expanding and he was experiencing a restlessness that drove him to look further afield. It was at this time that he placed himself under the tutelage of an ex- Jesuit, Franciscus Van den Enden, who had recently set up a Latin school in Amsterdam. Van den Enden turned out to be the perfect teacher for Spinoza. In addition to having an excellent reputation as a Latinist, he was a medical doctor who kept abreast of all that was new in the sciences. He was also notorious for his allegedly irreligious cast of mind, and he was a passionate advocate of democratic political ideals. It is safe to say that Spinoza\'s studies with Van den Enden included more than lessons on how to decline nouns. Spinoza\'s intellectual reorientation, however, came at a cost. His increasingly unorthodox views and, perhaps, laxity in his observance of the Jewish law strained his relations with the community. Tensions became so great that, in 1. Without providing details, the writ of excommunication accuses him of \'abominable heresies\' and . It then levels a series of curses against him and prohibits others from communicating with him, doing business with him, reading anything he might write, or even coming into close proximity with him. Spinoza may still have been a Jew, but he was now an outcast. Little is known about Spinoza\'s activities in the years immediately following his excommunication. He continued his studies with Van den Enden and occasionally took up residence in his teacher\'s home. As it was now impossible for him to carry on in commerce, it was most likely at this time that he took up lens grinding as an occupation. There is also evidence that he traveled periodically to Leiden to study at the university. There he would have received formal instruction in Cartesian philosophy and become familiar with the work of prominent Dutch Cartesians. In 1. 66. 1, he settled near Leiden, in the town of Rijnsburg. It was during this same period, in the late 1. Spinoza embarked upon his literary career. It contains, in addition, reflection upon the various kinds of knowledge, an extended treatment of definition, and a lengthy analysis of the nature and causes of doubt. For reasons that are unknown, the. Shortly thereafter, while in Rijnsburg, Spinoza set to work on his. This work, circulated privately among friends, foreshadows many of the themes of his mature work, the. Most notably, it contains an unambiguous statement of the most famous of Spinoza\'s theses - the identity of God and Nature. Spinoza\'s stay in Rijnsburg was brief.
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